The sustainable development of tourism without compromising local ecology and environmental health is a major concern in the 21st century. Hopefully, while protecting the ecology and environment, and promoting tourism, best practices in this industry would also generate higher incomes, especially in terms of foreign currency and a channel of exchange of social and cultural innovations. In geographical terms, tourism is a human activity different from migration to explore interesting, aesthetically satisfying sites as well as a source of income for the governments and local people in various ways. It is also religious and academic in character as well as adventurous and good for a healthy life.

Evolution and Development of Tourism in India:

India has a very rich cultural heritage since ancient times. The concept of ‘athiti devo bhaw’ (the guest is god) and ‘vasudhauva kutumbakam’ (the world is one family) became keywords of Indian social behaviour. Since times immemorial, the rulers in different parts of the country had built grand palaces, enchanting gardens, marvellous temples, tombs, mausoleums and other monuments. India, by now, has also become a hub of medical tourism for visitors from the Middle East and African countries in particular. The Central Ministry of Tourism is the nodal agency that formulates national policies related to tourism. The ministry also coordinates and regulates the policies with the State Ministries of Tourism. The administrative head of the Ministry at the Centre is the Secretary (Tourism) and in the same way, there is also a Secretary (Tourism) at the state level. The Indian tourism industry made a milestone in 1982, when the formulation of tourism policy took place and presented in the Parliament. This policy is known as the National Tourism Policy 1982.

The National Action Plan 1992:

In order to promote tourism, the Central Government of India announced a National Action Plan in 1992. It was an incremental action plan to set things right in some key areas to get quick results. The goals set out rightly struck on the perceived inadequacies of the system and incorporated all those areas identified as the weaknesses of India's tourism development policy. The strategies outlined in the Action Plan for achieving these goals were:

· To improve tourism infrastructure

· To develope areas of the priority for integrated growth along with the marketing of destinations to ensure optimal use of existing infrastructure

· To restructure and strengthen of the institutions for development of human resources

· To evolve a suitable policy for increasing foreign tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings

The national action plan also mentioned areas of action, which were important for tourism development, but were in the spheres of the other ministries of the Government of India like improvement in facilities at international airports, liberalised chartered flights and open sky policy for routes on which Air India does not use or operates in a limited fashion. These are important issues, and most of them still need resolution urgently.

The New Tourism Policy 2002:

The National Action Plan was finally translated into a tourism policy in 2002 and became a joint centre and state subject, whereby, both on their initiative may use policy and executive instruments to promote tourism in different parts of the country. The policy document attempted to prove tourism’s great contribution to national development and its role as an engine of growth. It has suggested that tourism not only generates revenue, foreign exchange but also provides optimal use of India’s scarce resources, sustainable development, high-quality employment (especially to youngsters, women and disabled people) and finally, people to people understanding, global peace, national unity and stability. This policy focused on increasing the number of domestic and foreign tourists. In order to meet the goal, the government proposed to diversify tourism products and substantially improve the quality of tourism infrastructure, marketing, visa arrangements and air travel. In 2002, Government of India launched an international marketing campaign named as Incredible India to promote tourism in India to a global audience. The Incredible India campaign projected India as an attractive tourist destination by showcasing different aspects of Indian culture and history like yoga, spirituality, etc. The campaign carried out marketing globally and received appreciation from tourism industry observers and travellers. However, some quarters substantially criticised the campaign and pointed out its failure to cover several aspects of India, which could have been attractive to an average tourist.

In 2009, the Ministry of Tourism launched a campaign titled "Atithi Devo Bhava" targeting the local population to educate them about good behaviour and etiquettes while dealing with foreign tourists. "Atithi Devo Bhava" concentrated on creating awareness of the effects of tourism and sensitising the local population about the preservation of India's heritage, culture, cleanliness and hospitality. It also attempted to re-instil a sense of responsibility towards tourists and reinforce the confidence of foreign tourists towards India as a preferred holiday destination. The concept complemented the "Incredible India" campaign.

Jharkhand: A Brief Introduction:

Jharkhand (literally "Bushland") is a state in eastern India carved out of the southern part of Bihar on November 15, 2000. The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south and West Bengal to the east. The state extends over an area of 79,710 km² (30,778 square miles) from 83^O 23′ 48″ E to 87^O 58′ 06″ E and from 21^O54′ 46.30″ N to 25^O 17′ 35″ N in east India. Most of the state is part of Chhotanagpur Plateau. Parasnath (1 ,366 m/1493.88 yards) is the highest point. About 30 per cent of state's total area is under forests. Ranchi, an industrial city, is its capital, while another famous industrial city of Jharkhand is Jamshedpur (Tata Nagar).

The State has the tremendous tourist potential and several developed destinations to attract not only domestic but also foreign travellers with its untouched natural beauty. Among attractions of this type are beautiful waterfalls in scenic landscape, Betla National Park and Hazaribagh National Park (National park is an area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife and bio-diversity, and where activities like developmental, forestry, poaching, hunting and grazing on cultivation are not permitted), and wildlife Sanctuaries. Jharkhand has a huge variety of plant and animal species. One can get a panorama of this rich variety of wildlife in Jharkhand, its national parks and zoological gardens. In total, there are 11 wildlife sanctuaries. Among these, main attractions are the Betla National Park and the Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary, natural freshwater lakes (used for water sports) and small hills, which are tourist destinations for temples, their natural beauty and as sites for spectacular sunrise and sunset. The second important tourist destinations are religious places like as Parasnath Temple, Chhinamstike Temple, Jagnathpur Temple, etc. Some special tourist places also attract tourists like Naterhat (well-known for wild adventure, number of waterfalls, view of beautiful landscape of Chhotanagpur Plateau, several spots to watch spectacular sunrises and sunsets), Massanjore (The place is just amazing famous for rock climbing, swimming, broad river and dam), Giridh (mostly famous for colourful granite rocks, dense green forests and highest peak of Parasnath), Deogarh (famous place of pilgrimage for Hindus), Palamu (known for motor hiking), Kiriburu (famous for its lush green Saranda forest) and others for their unique beauty. Following are some of major tourist sites identified by the Department of Tourism, Government of Jharkhand. These are listed below:

Connectivity of Hazaribagh:

Road Connectivity:

Hazaribagh is situated on the cross road of many national and state highways. It is directly connected to the state capital Ranch and many important cities such Gaya, Patna, Kolkata, and Guwahati through the National Highways. The map 2 shows connectivity to all the major cities of India.

Rail Connectivity:

The city of Hazaribagh is directly connected with Railway network. The tourists also come to the city from other nearby Railway stations such as Barkakana and Koderma which are on the main line of Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai. Both the railway stations are located at a distance of about 60 km from the city. The city of Hazaribagh has great potential to growth in terms of railway network. The fact is noted that the entire state is more or less plateau region. The Map 3 shows the connectivity of Hazaribagh and tourist destinations.

Map 2

Map 3

Airport Connectivity:

Although the city is has no working Airport, it is very near to the Birsa Munda Airport (Ranchi) and Bodh Gaya Airport (Gaya). Both the airports are directly connected to Delhi, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Patna. If the Jharkhand government provides easy convenience to the tourists, they will definitely move to Hazaribagh to enjoy all the comfort and see the natural beauty of the city.

Map 4

Developed Tourist Destinations of Hazaribagh:

Among the known sites for natural attraction as well as places of religious pilgrimage or places of tourism are Canary Hill, Wild Life Sanctuary, National Park, Hazaribag Lake, Suraj Kund, Chhinamasta Temple, Silwar Hill, and Shrine of Hazarat Data Madarah Sah R.A. etc The map 5 show tourists hot spots of Hazaribagh.

Map 5

Economic and Social Benefits from Tourism Development:

Tourism attraction is regarded as a key concept of the tourism market and an important element in the tourism system, for they stimulate interests in travelling to a destination and provide people visiting these sites with satisfaction. They are magnet which attract tourist to a region, while at the same time stimulate for other tourism services (SwarBrooke J 2002). According to the Samini et al. (2011), tourism has become one of the most significant export sectors in many developing countries. A general consensus has emerged that it not only increases foreign exchange income, but also creates employment opportunities, stimulates the growth of the tourism industry and by virtue of this, triggers overall economic growth.

Tourism in India is economically important and is growing rapidly. The World Travel and Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹8.31 lakh crore (US$120 billion) or 6.3% of the nation's GDP in 2015 and supported 37.315 million jobs, 8.7% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 7.5% to ₹18.36 lakh crore (US$270 billion) by 2025 (7.2% of GDP). In October 2015, India's medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US$3 billion. It is projected to grow to $7–8 billion by 2020. In 2014, 184,298 foreign patients travelled to India to seek medical treatment. The important rates of growth and development, the volumes of inflow of foreign exchange, infrastructure development, new management techniques and the training experience are affecting different sectors of the economy, which are positively contributing to the economic and social development of a country (Surugiu Camelia 2009). Government of India, Ministry of Tourism has sanctioned 2371.19 lacks to Jharkhand while 1185.59 lacks has already been taken by the state government (Annual report 2011-2012, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India).

Tourism in India has emerged as an instrument of income and employment generation, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development. It contributes 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% of the total employment in India. Almost 20 million people are now working in the India’s tourism industry. It is expected to reach to 1.56 billion by 2020, with the largest rate of increase in developing countries including India. It is expected to provide more than 251.6 million jobs by 2020. According to UN World Tourism Organization, 6-7% of the world’s total jobs directly and millions more indirectly come through the multiplier effect of this sector (Sharma et al. 2012). Thus, so many job opportunities can be generated with the development of tourist spots, which can benefit the nearby areas as well as holistic development can be seen through the interaction of foreign and domestic tourists. The second most important thing is that Jharkhand is very rich in terms of tribe culture, tradition, and hand craft products. Tourism industry can also help promote peace and stability in developing countries like India by providing jobs, generating income, diversifying the economy, protecting the environment, and promoting cross-cultural awareness.

Potential of Tourism in Tribal Festivals:

Festivals are very important attraction for tourist potential, especially for distinguished tribal cultures. Jharkhand is very rich in festivals, tribal culture and folk dances. Festivals generally are viewed by their organizers and host communities as being social or cultural celebrations. More and more, they are also being viewed as tourist attractions which have a considerable economic impact on the surrounding region. Undoubtedly, the ability of festivals to become successful tourist attractions for domestic as well as foreign tourist largely depends on the way how they are managed. Some important festivals of Hazaribagh, Jharkhand since ancient periods are given below:

Sarhul:

Sarhul is celebrated during spring season and the Saal trees get new flowers on their branches. It is a worship of the village goddess who is considered to be the protector of the tribes. People sing and dance a lot when the new flowers appear. The deities are worshiped with saal flowers. These flowers represent the brotherhood and friendship among villagers and Pahan, the priest, distributes saal flowers to every villager. And the whole village celebrates with singing and dancing this festival of Sarhul. It goes on for weeks in this region of Chhotanagpur. In Kolhan region it is called "Baa Porob" meaning Flower Festival. It is the festival of the great happiness.

Karam:

The Karam festival is a worship of Karam devta, the god of power, youth and youthfulness. Karam is held on the 11 of moon in Bhadra month. Groups of young villagers go to the jungle and collect wood, fruits and flowers. These are required during the Puja of Karam God. During this period people sing and dance in groups. The entire valley seems to be dancing with the drumbeatth day of the phases. This is one of the rare examples of such a vital and vibrant youth festival in Jharkhand's tribal area.

Jawa:

At the same time, the unmarried tribal girls celebrate the Jawa festival, which has its own kind of songs and dance. This is held mainly for the expectation of good fertility and better household. The unmarried girls decorate a small basket with germinating seeds. It is believed that the worship for good germination of the grains would increase the fertility. The girls offer green melons to the Karam deity as a symbol of 'son' which reveals the primitive expectation of human being (i.e. grains and children). The entire tribal area of Hazaribagh, Jharkhand becomes tipsy during this time.

Hal punhya:

Hal punhya is a festival which begins with the fall of winter. The first day of Magh month, known as "Akhain Jatra" or "Hal Punhya", considered as the beginning of plough their field. The farmers, to symbolize this auspicious morning, plough two and half circles of their agricultural land this day is also considered as the symbol of good fortune.

Bhagta Parab:

This festival comes between the period of spring and summer. Among the tribal people of Jharkhand, Bhagta Parab is best known as the worship of Budha Baba. This festival is more popular in the Tamar region of Jharkhand.

Bandana:

Bandana is one of the most famous festivals celebrated during the black moon of month of Kartik (Kartik Aamavashya). This festival is mainly for the animals. Tribes are very close with animals and pets. The belief behind this festival is animals are integral part of life and have souls as human being do. Generally the colours used for decorating animals are natural colours and the artwork is of folk type.

Jani-Shikaar:

This is held once every 12 years. The womenfolk wear menswear and go for hunting in forest. Jani-Shikaar is performed in remember of driving away the Mohameddens by the kurukh womenfolk in Roh-tas-garh, who wanted to capture the fort on the Sharhul festival new year day for tribal community, when men used to be in drunken condition. They had tried to capture 12 times in 12 years and every time they were driven by the kurukh women, who wore the men's clothes while in the field of war.

Chhath Puja:

Chhath is an ancient Hindu festival and only Vedic festival dedicated to the Hindu Sun God, Surya, also known as Surya Shashti. The Chhath Puja is performed in order to thank Surya for sustaining life on earth and to request the granting of certain wishes.The Sun, considered the god of energy and of the life-force, is worshiped during the Chhath festival to promote well-being, prosperity and progress. In Hinduism, Sun worship is believed to help cure a variety of diseases, including leprosy, and helps ensure the longevity and prosperity of family members, friends, and elders.

Art and Craft of Hazaribagh District:

The Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand is very famous for its art, craft, and culture. Since ages, numerous communities have inhabited, dreamt about, shaped and polished the cultural sky of this beautiful place. They are yet to understand the values of these cultural resources as well as the benefits of traditional crafts to the host community. The impression on this region’s culture has been made by diverse tribal groups of Jharkhand like Asurs, Santhals, Banjara, Bihor, Chero, Gond, Ho, Khond, Lohra, Mai Pahariya, Munda, Oraon, Kol or Kawar. These Tribal groups have skilfully developed their own indigenous crafts and industries. They are also skilled enough in tackling with their environment and enhancement of their living. One could easily observe the cross-cultural influences of local non-tribal communities as well as the followers of Buddhism and Jainism in addition with the Mughal rule and the Hindu emperors of Bengal.

The 'oldest cave paintings' in India has been ascribed as the "scroll paintings" to a Jharkhand tribe known as the Shabars, who today are on the verge of extinction. It is a well known fact that Stone Age tools discovered in Hazaribagh district and axes and spearheads found in the Chaibasa area are remnants of a civilization dating back a thousand years. The district Hazaribagh enjoys the 10,000 to 30,000 years old rock paintings, paintings in huge caves in the Sati hills and other indicators of ancient even pre-historic human settlements. From the legendary Asurs and Santhals to the Banjara, Bihor, Chero, Gond, Ho, Khond, Lohra, Mai Pahariya, Munda, Oraon, Kol or Kawar- a number of tribal groups have left their impression on the culture of the region. Apart from these, the harsh reality is that no organized society can thrive without indigenous crafts and industries.

The tribal festivals, art, cultural activities, rituals and folk dances describe the potentials of Jharkhand tourism especially in Hazaribag. The study area is in the vicinity of international tourist places of Bihar like Bodhgaya, Rajgeer (Nalanda) and Pawapuri. Besides these, the internationally recognized Parasnath Hill is also an important tourist destination, especially for Jains. In order to attract tourists from these places, better infrastructural development needs to be done in Hazaribagh like AC bus service, roal and railway networks, better law and order etc. Moreover, if facilities like flight service from Varanashi to Ranchi, availability of five star hotels, and good administration are readily available, there will be more inflow of tourists in Hazaribagh.

The tourist places in Hazaribagh especially attract foriegeners like Asian and South-East Asians and a few North and South Americans. Thus advertising tourist spots, festivals and fairs, art and culture might aid in the exploration of this tourist destination.

Also advertising tourist spots, festivals and fairs, art and culture might aid in the exploration of the tourists destination. These tourist place especially attract foriegeners like Asian and South East Asians.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION:

Tourism industry in Jharkhand has got vast potential for generating employment and earning foreign exchange. It could be a good source to make country’s overall economic and social development. Undoubtedly, the newly formed Jharkhand state has the potential to attract not only domestic but also foreign tourists. There is a need to take holistic approach and execute in terms of infrastructure, good communication, secure and safe tourism, and comfortable transport facilities. Hazaribagh national park, wild life sanctuaries and Canary Hill can be developed as world fame tourist spots. Besides these, natural tourist spots, some other areas could be improved like festivals, fair, and art and culture of Hazaribagh. The fact is that many festivals of Jharkhand not only attract local tourists but also foreigners that need to be advertised at national and international level. The state needs to be positioned properly and in this endeavour, the support of travel agents, tour operators, travel writers, representatives of travel and hospitality industry associations, experts in the tourists and cultural sectors, diplomats, journalists and other opinion leaders is crucial. The state government should make efforts for the development tourism industry. The existing sites should be given a facelift. Though, the state government has taken steps for the betterment and uplift of the tourist sites but a lot more need to be done. Efforts need to be in full swing to make Hazaribagh an important tourist destination. However, careful planning is required for effective management and exploitation of tourism potential in the city Hazaribagh, Jharkhand so that it can also be helpful in socio-economic development of the region and the people living in Hazaribagh.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I am very thankful to the university Vice-chancellor Prof. Talat Ahmad, who always encouraged me to write innovative research papers. I am also very thankful to Dr. O.P. Mishra (Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India) and Prof. Rafi Ahmad (Adviser Disaster Mangement, Dept. of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi) for giving me invaluable suggestions. My heartfelt thanks also go to Prof. Somnath Dash Gupta (Chair Professor) and Prof. Masood Ahsan Siddiqui (HOD, Dept. of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia) for providing me good environment to write the paper.

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Research J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 8(4): October -December, 2017, 401-408.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5828.2017.00058.4

Received on 18.12.2017

Modified on 26.12.2017

Accepted on 30.12.2017

S. No.	Themes	Tourist destinations
1	Pilgrimage	Deoghar, Paranath, Rajrappa, Janathpur,Temple Bharkali, Angrabari, Trikunti, Basukinath, Mahadev Sal, Maa Giri Rajeswari, Kulbonga Mahadev
2	Waterfalls	Hundru Falls Jonha Falss, Dassam Falss, Panch Grah Falls, Hirni Falls Lodh Falls
3	Wildlife	Dalma Wild Life Sanctuary, Hazaribagh Wild Life Santuary, Betal National park, Saranda- the Sal Forest, Plamau Tiger Reserve
4.	Special Destination	Netarhat, Massanjore, Maithon